Nontraditional Learning

Children thrive in both our indoor and outdoor classrooms where curiosity about the world drives them to learn. We provide professional guidance, the prepared environment, and scientifically developed materials for children to live up to their full potential.

Learning Happens through purposeful activity

Children work with specially designed learning materials, manipulating and investigating them to master the lessons they embody.

abstract ideas in concrete form

Children use real objects to translate abstract ideas into concrete form. The example above, the binomial cube, physically represents a mathematical equation, which is (a + b)³ = (a + b) (a + b) (a + b) = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR Outdoor learning

We are lucky to have a safe and secure 13-acre campus which provides students with many opportunities to work and play outside. Each classroom also has an exterior door, so students have access to the prepared outdoor learning environment daily.

Committed professionals

Our committed and credentialed professionals foster a child's cognitive, physical, and social/emotional well-being, leading children to become enthusiastic, intrinsically motivated learners.

TMA at a Glance

Our Global Community Celebrating DEIB

Maria Montessori’s educational philosophy, emphasizing equality, inclusivity, and the empowerment of marginalized communities, was rooted in the belief that every child, regardless of their background, deserves access to quality education. With students and staff members representing more than 20 countries, we consider TMA to be a small-scale global community.


Highly Committed Teachers

29% of our teachers are in their second decade of service at TMA, while the average tenure of lead classroom teachers at TMA is 9 years. The average tenure of all teaching staff at TMA is 7.5 years.

Accreditation

“The child who has never learned to work by himself, to set goals for his own acts, or to be the master of his own force of will is recognizable in the adult who lets others guide his will and feels a constant need for approval of others.”

 - Maria Montessori, Education and Peace

A Walk through Early Childhood

What does a typical day look like?

Indoor Classroom

Students engage in academic and other purposeful work using hands-on, scientifically developed materials.

Outdoor Classroom

Students engage in academic work, gardening, animal care, gross motor development, and imaginative play.

TMA Programs

Lower and Upper School

Developmental stages of learning are at the core of a Montessori education. Our Lower School is designed for children between 6 weeks and 6 years of age, and our Upper School is for children between 6 and 12 years old. Within each school, there are programs designed to enhance learning for each specific developmental stage.

Process vs. Product Based Learning

Infant – 6 weeks to 18 months

Toddler – 18 months to 3 years

Early Childhood – 3 to 6 years

Lower Elementary – 6-9 years

Upper Elementary – 9-12 years


A Peek Inside

Early Childhood Multiplication Board
Elem & Early Childhood Reading Buddies
Upper Elementary Decimal Multiplication
Early Childhood Sandpaper Letters
Infant Peer Interactions
Early Childhood Preparing Snack
Lower Elementary Botany
Toddler Transferring
Early Childhood Wet Pouring
Infant Imbucare
Early Childhood Easel Painting

FAQs

What are your hours?

Usually, our operational hours are from 7:00 am to 6:00 pm. Due to the new restrictions for the 2020-21 school year, we are only able to provide care between the hours of 7:30 am and 4:30 pm.

Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood

The school day is from 8:30 am to 3:30 pm, with Before Care from 7:30-8:30 am and Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm.

Elementary

The school day is from 8:00 am to 3:30 pm, with Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm.

When does the school year start?

Under normal circumstances, the new school year starts with our summer term, the day after Memorial Day, near the end of May or beginning of June depending on the calendar. This is the beginning of our 12-month option. Our fall term and 10-month option begins in August and closely follows the Arlington ISD school calendar, though, we usually begin a week before AISD.

We are open for the 2020-2021 school year! The first day of school was August 10 and the last day will be May 28. We have added an additional 2 weeks to the school year to try to offset possible future stay-at-home orders. 

What are your classroom ratios?

Our ratios vary by program and have changed for the 2020-21 school year due to COVID-19:

   -- Infant – 1:4 (2 teachers for 8 students)

   -- Toddler – 1:7 (2 teachers for 14 students)

   -- Early Childhood – 1:10 (2 teachers to 20 students)

   -- Elementary – 1:10 (2 teacher to 20 students)

While these are the minimum ratios, we have an additional teacher available for each of the Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood classrooms throughout the day. Elementary students also participate in Enrichment classes with Enrichment Specialist teachers.

Do you provide food?

All families provide their own healthy lunch options for their children.

Parents provide snacks and lunch for children enrolled in the Infant program.

A few times each year, families with students enrolled in the Toddler and Early Childhood programs will receive a list of groceries to purchase to bring for the classroom snack. As part of the Practical Life work in class, students will prepare snack each day.

Lower Elementary students will be assigned a day each month to bring the classroom snack. Upper Elementary students will bring snacks for themselves each day.

What is the nap schedule for young children?

The nap schedule for infants is individualized and based on an infant’s age and need.

Toddlers and 2.5 to 3-year old Early Childhood students take a nap in the afternoon, after lunch.

Early Childhood students who are 4-years old are asked to rest for at least 30 minutes each day, with some still needing a full nap and others only resting their bodies for a short time.

Early Childhood students who are 5-years old do not nap and take part in special enrichment classes or work in the afternoon.

What do you do for students with allergies?

Parents of children with diagnosed allergies or asthma are required to provide the school with an individualized health care plan, signed by the child’s medical provider. A list of children with medically documented food allergies is posted in every classroom throughout the school, and a list of the classroom allergens is posted outside of each room. 

What are Community Service hours?

TMA was established as a parent cooperative and, as such, requires parental involvement. Not only does community service help to build stronger bonds between community members, but it also provides excellent modeling for the volunteerism that we wish to instill in our students.

Parents pay a Community Service Fee of $300 each year, $150 for the fall term and $150 for the spring term. If one or more members of your family volunteer at TMA for 5 hours each semester or 10 hours for the year, you will be refunded the entirety of the Community Service Fee, or you may contribute it to the Scholarship Fund.

How do you communicate with parents?

Several forms of communication are used to meet the needs of our community. These include email, texting, phone calls, Microsoft Teams, written documentation, parent/teacher conferences, a parent portal on our website, a closed Facebook group, and Bloomz, a photo/video sharing app so parents can catch glimpses of the work their children are completing.

We produce a weekly e-newsletter to keep parents informed about school-wide activities and events which is available via email, text, our closed Facebook group, the parent portal, and through Bloomz.

For infants, in additional to daily, in-person communication, teachers and parents complete a daily form so both parties know when diapers were changed, meals/snacks were eaten, and naps were taken.  

Injuries will be promptly treated by a staff member and parents will be notified either by telephone or through a copy of a completed Accident/Incident Report form. Parents will receive a short report which documents how, when, and where and accident or incident occurred. 

FAQs

What are your hours?

Usually, our operational hours are from 7:00 am to 6:00 pm. Due to the new restrictions for the 2020-21 school year, we are only able to provide care between the hours of 7:30 am and 4:30 pm.

Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood

The school day is from 8:30 am to 3:30 pm, with Before Care from 7:30-8:30 am and Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm.

Elementary

The school day is from 8:00 am to 3:30 pm, with Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm.

When does the school year start?

For the Lower School, the new school year starts the day after Memorial Day, near the end of May or beginning of June depending on the calendar. Our Upper School begins in August and closely follows the Arlington ISD school calendar, though, we usually begin a week before AISD.

What are your classroom ratios?

Our ratios vary by program and have been lowered due to COVID-19:

  -- Infant – 1:4 (2 teachers for 8 students)

  -- Toddler – 1:7 (2 teachers for 14 students)

  -- Early Childhood – 1:10 (2 teachers to 20 students)

  -- Elementary – 1:10 (2 teacher to 20 students)

While these are the minimum ratios, we have an additional teacher available for each of the Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood classrooms throughout the day. Elementary students also participate in Enrichment classes with Enrichment Specialist teachers.

Do you provide food?

All families provide their own healthy lunch options for their children.

Parents provide snacks and lunch for children enrolled in the Infant program.

A few times each year, families with students enrolled in the Toddler and Early Childhood programs will receive a list of groceries to purchase to bring for the classroom snack. As part of the Practical Life work in class, students will prepare snack each day.

Lower Elementary students will be assigned a day each month to bring the classroom snack. Upper Elementary students will bring snacks for themselves each day.

What is the nap schedule for young children?

The nap schedule for infants is individualized and based on an infant’s age and need.

Toddlers and 2.5 to 3-year old Early Childhood students take a nap in the afternoon, after lunch.

Early Childhood students who are 4-years old are asked to rest for at least 30 minutes each day, with some still needing a full nap and others only resting their bodies for a short time.

Early Childhood students who are 5-years old do not nap and take part in special enrichment classes or work in the afternoon.

What do you do for students with allergies?

Parents of children with diagnosed allergies or asthma are required to provide the school with an individualized health care plan, signed by the child’s medical provider. A list of children with medically documented food allergies is posted in every classroom throughout the school, and a list of the classroom allergens is posted outside of each room. 

What are Community Service hours?

TMA was established as a parent cooperative and, as such, requires parental involvement. Not only does community service help to build stronger bonds between community members, but it also provides excellent modeling for the volunteerism that we wish to instill in our students.

Parents pay a Community Service Fee of $300 each year, $150 for the fall term and $150 for the spring term. If one or more members of your family volunteer at TMA for 5 hours each semester or 10 hours for the year, you will be refunded the entirety of the Community Service Fee, or you may contribute it to the Scholarship Fund.

How do you communicate with parents?

Several forms of communication are used to meet the needs of our community. These include email, texting, phone calls, Microsoft Teams, written documentation, parent/teacher conferences, a parent portal on our website, a closed Facebook group, and Bloomz, a photo/video sharing app so parents can catch glimpses of the work their children are completing.

We produce a weekly e-newsletter to keep parents informed about school-wide activities and events which is available via email, text, our closed Facebook group, the parent portal, and through Bloomz.

For infants, in additional to daily, in-person communication, teachers and parents complete a daily form so both parties know when diapers were changed, meals/snacks were eaten, and naps were taken.  

Injuries will be promptly treated by a staff member and parents will be notified either by telephone or through a copy of a completed Accident/Incident Report form. Parents will receive a short report which documents how, when, and where and accident or incident occurred. 

FAQs

What are your hours?

We are open between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm, Monday through Friday. The school day is from 8:30 am to 3:30 pm, with Before Care from 7:00-8:30 am and Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm or Extended Day Plus from 3:30-6:00 pm.

Do I have to sign a contract?

Yes. Our enrollment contracts cover an entire school year. If you are admitted after the beginning of a school year, your tuition is pro-rated based on when you enroll. There is a 3-week trial for students enrolled in our Lower School.

When does the school year start?

For the Lower School, the new school year starts the day after Memorial Day, near the end of May or beginning of June depending on the calendar. Our Upper School begins in August and closely follows the Arlington ISD school calendar, though, we usually begin a week before AISD.

What are your classroom ratios?

Our ratios vary by program:

  -- Infant – 1:4 (2 teachers for 8 students)

  -- Toddler – 1:8 (2 teachers for 16 students)

  -- Early Childhood – 1:12 (2 teachers to 24 students)

  -- Elementary – 1:18 (1 teacher for up to 18 students)

While these are the minimum ratios, we have an additional teacher available for each of the Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood classrooms throughout the day. Elementary students also participate in Enrichment classes with Enrichment Specialist teachers.

Do you provide food?

All families provide their own healthy lunch options for their children.

Parents provide snacks and lunch for children enrolled in the Infant program.

A few times each year, families with students enrolled in the Toddler and Early Childhood programs will receive a list of groceries to purchase to bring for the classroom snack. As part of the Practical Life work in class, students will prepare snack each day.

Elementary students will bring snacks for themselves each day.

What is the nap schedule for young children?

The nap schedule for infants is individualized and based on an infant’s age and need.

Toddlers and 2.5 to 3-year old Early Childhood students take a nap in the afternoon, after lunch.

Early Childhood students who are 4-years old are asked to rest for at least 30 minutes each day, with some still needing a full nap and others only resting their bodies for a short time.

Early Childhood students who are 5-years old are asked to rest for at least 30 minutes a day and take part in special enrichment classes or work in the afternoon.

What do you do for students with allergies?

Parents of children with diagnosed allergies or asthma are required to provide the school with an individualized health care plan, signed by the child’s medical provider. A list of children with medically documented food allergies is posted in every classroom throughout the school, and a list of the classroom allergens is posted outside of each room. 

What are Community Service hours?

TMA was established as a parent cooperative and, as such, requires parental involvement. Not only does community service help to build stronger bonds between community members, but it also provides excellent modeling for the volunteerism that we wish to instill in our students.

Parents pay a Community Service Fee of $300 each year, $150 for the fall term and $150 for the spring term. If one or more members of your family volunteer at TMA for 5 hours each semester or 10 hours for the year, you will be refunded the entirety of the Community Service Fee, or you may contribute it to the Scholarship Fund.

How do you communicate with parents?

Several forms of communication are used to meet the needs of our community. These include email, texting, phone calls, Microsoft Teams, written documentation, parent/teacher conferences, a parent portal on our website, a closed Facebook group, and Bloomz, a photo/video sharing app so parents can catch glimpses of the work their children are completing.

We produce a weekly e-newsletter to keep parents informed about school-wide activities and events which is available via email, text, our closed Facebook group, the parent portal, and through Bloomz.

For infants, in additional to daily, in-person communication, teachers and parents complete a daily form so both parties know when diapers were changed, meals/snacks were eaten, and naps were taken.  

Injuries will be promptly treated by a staff member and parents will be notified either by telephone or through a copy of a completed Accident/Incident Report form. Parents will receive a short report which documents how, when, and where and accident or incident occurred. 

FAQs

What are your hours?

We are open between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm, Monday through Friday. The school day is from 8:30 am to 3:30 pm, with Before Care from 7:00-8:30 am and Extended Day from 3:30-4:30 pm or Extended Day Plus from 3:30-6:00 pm.

Do I have to sign a contract?

Yes. Our enrollment contracts cover an entire year, offering options for a traditional school year of 10 months or a year-round, 12-month option. If you are admitted after the beginning of a school year, your tuition is pro-rated based on when you enroll. There is a 3-week trial for students enrolled in our Lower School.

When does the school year start?

Each new school year begins in August and closely follows the Arlington ISD school calendar. We offer enrollment throughout the school year on a space-available basis, with tuition being pro-rated for those who start later in the year.

What are your classroom ratios?

Our ratios vary by program:

  -- Infant – 1:4 (2 teachers for 8 students)

  -- Toddler – 1:8 (2 teachers for 16 students)

  -- Early Childhood – 1:12 (2 teachers to 24 students)

  -- Elementary – 1:18 (1 teacher for up to 18 students)

While these are the minimum ratios, we have an additional teacher available for each of the Infant, Toddler, and Early Childhood classrooms throughout the day. Elementary students also participate in Enrichment classes with Enrichment Specialist teachers.

Do you provide food?

All families provide their own healthy lunch options for their children.

Parents provide snacks and lunch for children enrolled in the Infant program.

A few times each year, families with students enrolled in the Toddler and Early Childhood programs will receive a list of groceries to purchase to bring for the classroom snack. As part of the Practical Life work in class, students will prepare snack each day.

Elementary students will bring snacks for themselves each day.

What is the nap schedule for young children?

The nap schedule for infants is individualized and based on an infant’s age and need.

Toddlers and 3- and 4-year-old Early Childhood students take a nap in the afternoon, after lunch.

Early Childhood students who are 5-years-old take part in special enrichment classes and have another work cycle in the afternoon.

What do you do for students with allergies?

Parents of children with diagnosed allergies or asthma are required to provide the school with an individualized health care plan, signed by the child’s medical provider. A list of children with medically documented food allergies is posted in every classroom throughout the school, and a list of the classroom allergens is posted outside of each room. 

What are Community Service hours?

TMA was established as a parent cooperative and, as such, requires parental involvement. Not only does community service help to build stronger bonds between community members, but it also provides excellent modeling for the volunteerism that we wish to instill in our students.

Parents pay a Community Service Fee of $300 each year, $150 for the fall term and $150 for the spring term. If one or more members of your family volunteer at TMA for 5 hours each semester or 10 hours for the year, you will be refunded the entirety of the Community Service Fee, or you may contribute it to the Scholarship Fund.

How do you communicate with parents?

Several forms of communication are used to meet the needs of our community. These include email, texting, phone calls, written documentation, parent/teacher conferences, a parent portal on our website, a closed Facebook group, and Bloomz, a photo/video sharing app so parents can catch glimpses of the work their children are completing.

We produce a weekly e-newsletter to keep parents informed about school-wide activities and events which is available via email, text, our closed Facebook group, the parent portal, and through Bloomz.

For infants, in additional to daily, in-person communication, teachers record when diapers were changed, meals/snacks were eaten, and naps were taken in the Bloomz app.

Injuries will be promptly treated by a staff member and parents will be notified either by telephone or through a copy of a completed Accident/Incident Report form. Parents will receive a short report which documents how, when, and where and accident or incident occurred. 

4 Easy Steps to Admission

Our admissions team will lead you through the entire process to answer your questions and provide all the information you need so your family can make an informed decision about whether TMA is the right choice for your child and your family. We understand that choosing the right school is an extremely important decision and we will be here to guide you through the decision-making process.

Schedule a Visit
Apply Online

Complete an online application and submit $300 application fee. The application fee is fully refundable until an enrollment contract is signed.

A 3-day classroom evaluation will be scheduled for students applying for a space in the Elementary program; a 3-week trial may instead be offered during the summer months when an evaluation is not possible.

Meet with the Head of School

During the 1½ hour meeting, “fit and match” between the family’s expectations for their child and TMA’s vision is explored and information about the classroom evaluation (if applicable) and a detailed tuition payment schedule will be discussed.

Complete Online Enrollment

Upon acceptance to TMA, the enrollment process begins with a contract being offered. The Application Fee becomes non-refundable after we receive your contract. Once we have received your online enrollment and first tuition payment, your enrollment is complete.

What do parents say about TMA?

We are happy with TMA, my child has been attending the school and he has learned so much. The school environment is clean and has so much for my son who loves to be in outdoors. Teachers and the administrators are helpful.

Great Schools

After touring over a dozen preschools, TMA came out on top for us. We love the focus on teaching important life skills and building character, not just behavior. The teachers interact with the students in a way that helps them to become independent and thoughtful little people.

Google Reviews

This is a GEM in the middle of the metroplex, with acres of nature surrounding the school. Kids are given a unique opportunity to experience and enjoy nature in a caring environment, while learning so much, both in and out of the classroom. Our child really likes it here.

Niche Reviews

TMA is a great school that helps students gain independence, learn concepts deeply, and become well-rounded citizens of the world. The teachers are dedicated, and the campus is beautiful and inviting. TMA is a great place to be!

Private School Review

Important Dates

Gallery of Student Work

🔺 One Material, Growing Minds at Every Age 🔺

In these photos, students are working with the Constructive Triangles—a classic Montessori material that grows with the child.

✨ Early Childhood (Individual Work)
Our younger students explore the Constructive Triangles sensorially. By fitting the triangles together, they experience shape, size, and angles through hands‑on work. This builds visual discrimination, fine motor control, concentration, and an early foundation for geometry—all through purposeful play.

✨ Lower Elementary (Collaborative Work)
As students grow, so does the work. In Lower Elementary, the Constructive Triangles become a powerful mathematical tool. Children analyze relationships between shapes, discover equivalencies, and apply vocabulary such as congruent, similar, and composite figures. Working together encourages collaboration, problem‑solving, and mathematical reasoning.

🌱 The Benefit
The same material supports development over time—moving from concrete exploration to abstract thinking—while fostering independence, confidence, and a deep understanding of concepts.

This is Montessori education in action: materials that meet children exactly where they are and grow with them.

#concretetoabstract #handsonlearning #discovery #collaboration #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privateschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditional #themontessoriacademyofarlington
🌱 Why do Montessori students work on rugs?
In a Montessori classroom, these small rugs create a clear, defined workspace where children can focus without distractions. Learning to roll, carry, and unroll a rug is a quintessential Montessori lesson—one every TMA student masters early on. This purposeful work builds coordination, concentration, and independence, while reinforcing respect for materials and personal space. Even our youngest learners discover, “I can prepare my work and care for my environment.” ✨

#purposefulactivity #handsonlearning #definedworkspace #careforenvironment #focus #organization #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privaeschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditioinal #themontessoriacademyofarlington
🌱 Why do Montessori students work on rugs?
In a Montessori classroom, these small rugs create a clear, defined workspace where children can focus without distractions. Learning to roll, carry, and unroll a rug is a quintessential Montessori lesson—one every TMA student masters early on. This purposeful work builds coordination, concentration, and independence, while reinforcing respect for materials and personal space. Even our youngest learners discover, “I can prepare my work and care for my environment.” ✨

#purposefulactivity #handsonlearning #definedworkspace #careforenvironment #focus #organization #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privaeschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditioinal #themontessoriacademyofarlington
📚 Reading Across the Planes of Development 📚
These Upper Elementary students volunteered their time in our Infant classroom, sitting alongside the infants to read stories together. As the older children shared books, the infants listened intently—watching faces, studying pages, and soaking in the rhythm of language.

✨ Infants benefit from rich language exposure, sustained attention, and meaningful social interaction
✨ Older students strengthen empathy, patience, and a sense of purpose through quiet service
✨ Shared moments like these foster connection and belonging across age groups

These shared moments help build a caring, connected school community.

#community #language #empathy #patience #senseofpurpose #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privateschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditional #themontessoriacademyofarlington
Same goal, different paths—honoring the Montessori journey ✨
These two students are working on the number roll, an activity that strengthens number sequencing, place value understanding, and control of number writing. As they record numbers in order, they are building accuracy, endurance, and confidence with increasingly large quantities.

While both children are completing the same academic work, they are engaging with it in ways that meet their individual developmental needs. One child is using the Stamp Game, a concrete Montessori material that allows the child to physically build each number using units, tens, hundreds, and thousands. This hands-on approach supports a deep, sensorial understanding of place value and quantity before moving fully into abstraction.

The other child is completing the number roll using paper and pencil only, demonstrating readiness to work at a more abstract level. This child is relying on an internalized understanding of quantity and place value, strengthening mental math, number recognition, and fluency.

This is Montessori in action:
✨ The same lesson
✨ The same purpose
✨ Individualized pathways based on readiness

By allowing children to choose the level of support they need, we honor their independence, protect their confidence, and ensure meaningful learning for every child.

#handsonlearning #concretetoabstract #confidence #individualizedlearning #placevalue #sequencing #finemotorskills #followthechild #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privateschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditional #themontessoriacademyofarlington
✨ Practicing Independence, One Dish at a Time 🌱
When toddlers wash their dishes in our Montessori classroom, they’re strengthening hand‑eye coordination, learning sequencing and responsibility, and developing confidence through purposeful, real‑life work. These moments may look simple—but they’re powerful. 💛

#practicallife #purposefulactivity #carefortheenviornment #sequencing #responsibility #confidence #handsonlearning #order #concentration #coordination #independence #tma #montessori #privateschool #arlingtontx #arlington #texas #infant #nido #toddler #earlychildhood #preschool #kindergarten #elementary #education #privateeducation #nontraditional #themontessoriacademyofarlington

It is the policy of The Montessori Academy to maintain a school environment that is free from discrimination and to conduct its educational practices, admissions program, financial aid policies, hiring, and other school-administrative programs on the basis of an individual’s qualifications and abilities. The Montessori Academy does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion (unless it is required as a bona fide occupational qualification), sex, national origin, age, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected by law.